[Deathpenalty] death penalty news----N.H., OKLA., US MIL.

[Rick Halperin]

May 4



NEW HAMPSHIRE:

Kill this bill: No time to jeopardize death penalty


Perhaps it is mere coincidence, but a bill to "study" New Hampshire's
death penalty law at a time when it is in play in not 1 but 2 high-profile
cases smacks of mischief by foes of capital punishment. Keeping such a
bill alive now could in fact jeopardize those cases, one of which involves
a death from which Manchester has yet to recover.

Some well-meaning opponents of House Bill 1180 want to send the bill off
to "interim study." There is no need for such a delaying tactic. There has
never been any evidence that the great majority of the people of New
Hampshire oppose a well-crafted and, to our view, extremely limited
capital punishment law. With the U.S. Supreme Court now upholding the
lethal-injection method, which New Hampshire would use, there is even less
reason to question this form of punishment.

It is clear that the defense in the murder of Manchester Police Officer
Michael Briggs will use every tactic, every attempt at delay, every
possible means to derail the death penalty for their client, should he be
found guilty. Attorney General Kelly Ayotte and her prosecution team have
already successfully rebuffed many of these challenges. There will be many
more.

What she and the state do not need is for the Legislature to keep alive in
any form a bill that would require the attorney general and others to sit
on a study commission to delve into such issues as:

Whether the death penalty "rationally serves a legitimate penological
intent such as deterrence."

Whether the death penalty is "consistent with evolving standards of
decency."

Or whether the selection of defendants in New Hampshire for capital trials
is "arbitrary, unfair, or discriminatory in any way."

As for the 1st question, the death penalty most assuredly deters the
murderer who is put to death.

As for the "selection" of defendants, it is of course the murderer who
"self-selects" him or herself in the 1st place. But the references to
"arbitrary, unfair, or discriminatory" are precisely what the defense in
the Officer Briggs' murder case are trying to raise. Imagine the attorney
general having to sit on a commission "studying" those questions at the
very time she is prosecuting this case.

We are quite sure that many state senators, including all those from the
Manchester area, are keenly aware that this is not the time to be sending
any mixed signal that could jeopardize this case. To make that clear, the
bill should be voted inexpedient to legislate.

(source: Editorial, Union Leader)






OKLAHOMA:

Death row inmate deemed sane


A Pittsburg County jury has determined that a death row inmate is sane
enough to be executed, but it's uncertain when the punishment will be
carried out.

On a 9 to 3 vote, a panel of 11 men and one woman rejected Garry Thomas
Allen's argument that he shouldn't be put to death for the fatal shooting
of Lawanna Titsworth because he had become insane while in prison.

An Oklahoma County jury convicted the 52-year-old Allen of first-degree
murder for gunning down in November 1986 outside an Oklahoma City daycare
center. Titsworth had moved out of the home she shared with Allen and
their 2 sons 4 days before her death.

According to court documents, the 2 were arguing when Allen reached into
his sock, pulled out a revolver and shot her twice in the chest.

Titsworth got to her feet and ran toward the center, but Allen shoved her
down some steps and shot her in the back twice.

An Oklahoma City police officer responding to the call tussled with Allen
before shooting him in the face.

Prosecutors are now considering what to do next.

(source: Associated Press)






US MILITARY:

Race and American Military Justice: Rape, Murder, and Execution in
Occupied Japan


"Why do you want the records of all these horrible criminals?" asks the
clerk at the National Personnel Records Center.

I don't believe they're criminals. These GIs were all around 20 years old,
from the lowest ranks. For most it was their first offense and many have
ribbons from the most terrible battles in the Pacific. [1] J. Robert Lily,
Michael Thomson and Alice Kaplan describe the scant preparation for the
hasty trials of black servicemen in particular, where the defendants were
so cowed by the court-martial process they didn't even speak up for
themselves. They also tell of the lack of due process, and of missing
witnesses. [2] The Senate's 1946 Committee on Military Affairs Report
notes further flaws in the trials: "the officer senior in rank often uses
his weight and influence to dominate without even a pretense of
impartiality; that even when votes are taken in inverse order of rank, the
junior officers are perfectly well aware whether they are voting in
accordance with his wishes; that the votes are taken orally; that no
record of the proceedings is given the person most concerned." [3]
However, even my uncle said that the inmates he guarded, the ones I'm
researching, were bad. He served as an MP in the Eighth Army stockade in
Nakano the largest American military prison in Japan, from April to June
1946.

Convicted U.S. soldiers from all over the Pacific were gathered there at
the end of the war awaiting transport home. "The tough amongst the tough,"
my uncle called them on the audio cassettes he left me just before he
committed suicide in the wake of Abu Ghraib's revelations. Maybe they
were. But bad enough to be hung? My uncle said that his commanding
officer, Captain Millar, called a meeting of all the MPs and announced
that the facility had become overcrowded and that they were going to have
to start executing. The captain then had a gallows built and decorated it
with black bunting. "He took care of the problem," said my uncle, and his
tapes end there.

By 1946 the Eighth Army in Japan reported that "racial agitation" between
black and white troops was the primary cause of assault, the most frequent
violent crime among the American troops stationed there. [4] Yet the
official records indicate that no one on the stockade's rolls was
condemned to death. [5] Was my uncles suicide related to this discrepancy?
I had to investigate.

Vincent M. is the best. "Your uncle's name sounds familiar," he says in a
silky Sinatra voice, and it's like a fairy tale to encounter someone who
remembers so much. He's practically the last MP on the morning report I
order (along with the inmates) from the National Personnel Records Center
who answers the phone number I find on Ancestry. com. My uncle's unit
reorganized and changed its name right after it was assigned to the
stockade, and it held no reunions.

But Vincent remembers my uncle as "the guy who earned a black belt while
he was there." He also remembers 2 prisoners waiting for the gallows. He
says one of those 2 "was a colored boy who was sleeping with a Japanese
girl who decided to scream rape." Then Leroy S. remembers that they did
execute a prisoner and sent his body back to the States. Jack W. remembers
too. And John J. says his bunk had a view of the gallows and that he could
see when the rope went taut.

Holding my breath, I ask, "And did you ever see that rope go taut?" He
says yes, just once. That colored boy. [6]

Only blacks were executed for rape in England during World War II, [7] and
only blacks6 menwere hanged for rape by MacArthur in New Guinea at the end
of the Pacific war. [8] "Nowhere in these postwar documents is there even
the shadow of suspicion that segregation itself might have played a role
in creating a racial disparity in sentencing," writes Alice Kaplan in The
Interpreter, a recent book about the difference in sentencing white and
black soldiers accused of the same crime in the European theater. "No one,
as yet, was willing to venture the obvious: it was patently absurd that
8.5 % of the armed forces could be responsible for committing 79 % of all
capital crimes." [9]

Frank S., another ex-MP I had contacted earlier, sends me the phone number
of his friend Marvin B. Marvin tells me they put 2 or 3 prisoners to death
while he was an MP (1946-1949), maybe a couple of them from Guam. One of
them could have been in for rape. "Black soldiers? I ask. "I don't
remember much," he says. "I was only 17. But there I was, sitting up on
the tower the night one of the hangings took place. Everybody knew it was
happening." [10]

17 people are required to attend an execution. [11] Yet there are no
records of any execution occurring at the Eighth Army stockade. [12]

A few days after talking to Marvin, I'm reviewing the Wikipedia file on
the death penalty and scan a separate list for those executed postwar by
the Air Force. [13] The soldier executed in 1950 seems to fit the
description of the execution that William M, another ex-MP, remembers as
happening in 1949. [14] There are also 2 soldiers who were officially
executed in Guam that Marvin and William mentioned as having been executed
at the Eighth Army stockade. [15] "I probably should not comment--Burns &
his Dennis cousins were black and the murdered girl was white," writes
William. [16]

William can't imagine why the places of execution are listed as Yokohama
and Guam when he knows both happened at the stockade. I tell him I think
it's because they were court-martialed at Yokohama or Guam. Whoever was
secretly executed at the 8th Army stockade in May 1946 (and for the next 6
years) must have been brought there from another U.S. base. The only 2
executions I found in the records were said to have occurred in the
Philippines, not Japan. [17]

Researchers like to start with Plot E in France, with its nice neat rows
of easily identified graves of those executed in Europe. Who would want to
research the Pacific with some of the executed taken home by the
next-of-kin, some buried and then reburied somewhere else? Besides, no one
has ever tried to research the executions from the vets' recollections
rather than from the official papers. I might add that each of the vets
who spoke to me told me about the hanging or hangings separately.

I read all the recorded court-martial proceedings available for the
Pacific and the "Branch Office Cases" from 1945-1947 on microfilm. [18] No
easy "find" button there. I am surprised by how often Judge Advocate
General Thomas H. Green suggests commutation of the death sentence.
However, the Committee on Military Affairs Report says that he can suggest
commutation all he wants but the commanding general "not infrequently
rejects or ignores it." [19] The Supreme Commander was of course Douglas
MacArthur. The MacArthur Memorial produces records of sentencing for that
time period. No executions. [20] MacArthur's subordinates, Gen. William
Styer, for example, commander of the Eighth Army, and numerous division
generals, left no papers regarding executions. Commanding General of the
Eighth Army, General Eichelberger, was "a burner," according to the
MacArthur archivist. [21]

According to the National Law Journal in 1999, the U.S. has executed only
135 American soldiers since 1916. [22] According to the report from the
1946 Committee on Military Affairs, the military executed 141 in World War
II alone, and mentions that "the full statistics of military justice
during the war period have not been compiled due, it is said, to shortage
of personnel." [23] The 2000 Statistical Abstract of the United States
shows 161 men executed between 1942 and 1962. [24] A list of 154 executed
men was discovered shoved behind a desk in 2003 during a cleanup at the
Pentagon. They were executed between 1942-1961, according to Richard
Dieter, head of the Death Penalty Information Center. [25] How many of
them are on either of the earlier lists are unknownthere is no access to
those records. Many on the Pentagon list are noted with just a last name,
some without a date of execution, none with a location.

At the National Archives, I read an order dated April 1946 from Lt. Gen.
William Styer, Commanding General, U.S. Armed Forces, Western Pacific, to
General MacArthur that states: "Overhead personnel will be reduced as nbr
(number) prisoners is reduced however sufficient qualified pers incl
technicians for accomplishing executions should be retained. No indication
nbr future executions incl War Criminals will diminish." This "incl"
suggests that "technicians"executionerswere kept on staff both for the
Sugamo war criminals (Japanese) and for the Eighth Army stockade
(Americans). [26]

In the Eighth Army stockade's May 1946 report I find a "Certificate of
destruction of classified documents, retained permanently; shows permanent
records of Organization destroyed, unauthorized." This suggests an
internal coverup for that month. [27]

A request for a report of execution form dated 7 August 1946 from a
Captain D.W. Dooley to 2nd Lt. Charles C. Rexroad in the Philippines is
indicative of the rather casual handling of reports of executions in
general. "If no files are available, it is requested that Lt. Rexroad fill
in the form to the best of his ability from memory in cases where he has
personal knowledge of the executions." "Accomplished" is the reply of 28
August by D.K. Scruby, but no forms in triplicate are attached.[28]

Page 25 of the Provost Marshalls "History of the Campaigns of the Pacific"
talks of 24 executions taking place between 1942 and1947, but its
footnote, number 59 out of more than 100, is the only one that is not
included in the back of the manuscript. [29]

An Index shows a letter from a Mr. Leon Guess "concerning the number of
Negro soldiers executed as a result of courts-martial," dated 7 July 1946,
about the time it would take for news of a May execution to get back to
the States. But the letter itself is the only one missing from the file,
and, according to Ancestry.com, Leon Guess is dead. [30]

I discover that 18 dishonorable discharges from the Pacific are buried in
Clark Field Post in Manila, but none of them appear on my stockade list.
[31] "And there are many, many Unknowns," says the cemetery's keeper when
I call him. [32]

I start contacting family members of those prisoners with the worst
sentences but then quit after reading : "There is ample reason to believe
that the family of some of the deceased do not know how their loved ones
died," in Robert Lilys "Dirty Details: Executing Soldiers in World War
II". [33]

None of the documents I review about the stockade ever even mention the
gallows, either its use or its construction, which, according to my uncle
and all the other vets who remember it, was so elaborate.

Bertrand Roehner, a French researcher who has examined all 9,684 of the
SCAPINs (formal directives issued by MacArthur), Japanese and American
newspapers during the Occupation period, and the Allied archives in New
Zealand and England regarding violence in occupied Japan, (access his
provisional article here) is not surprised that I have found no records of
executions at the Eighth Army stockade. MacArthur censored newspapers,
radio, old and new movies, lantern slides, theatrical scripts and
performances, kabuki, bunraku, plays, music, songs, postage stamps and
currency, books, magazines and journals, speeches, teaching courses, mail,
phone and the telegraph. [34] Even Allied military reports were subject to
self-censorship. [35] MacArthur also forbade any mention of even the
existence of censorship in the press, [36] and exiled or fired Stars and
Stripes editors as well as Time, Reuters, Saturday Evening Post and
Christian Science Monitor correspondents who didn't obey. [37] The result
is that the U.S. archives have available much less information than those
of any other Allied country.

What Roehner did find revealed that the Americans had trouble controlling
their troops.

"Soldiers Guide to Japan." Eighth Army Printing Plant, c. 1946.

General Eichelberger twice had to admonish his forces about their behavior
in Japan, citing looting, rape and robbery. [38] In 1946 General
Eisenhower ordered a report on troop behavior in 1946 of both Japan and
the Philippines. (The National Archives in the U.S. have this report's
cover sheet, but not the report.) [39]

I ask Roehner about the number of rapes he found. Roehner doesnt address
this issue because, he reasons, rape is so under-reported in peacetime as
well as war that the accuracy of the numbers is hard to determine. But he
does mention that even as late as April, 1952 the New York Times reported
that Japans most prominent woman leader begged General Ridgways daughter
to isolate the immoral US troops. [40]

Yuki Tanaka does provide figures for rape, gleaned primarily from Japanese
sources. According to Japans Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and
Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation, incidents of rape
in Japan were particularly egregious during the spring of 1946. In January
MacArthur had discovered that 1 in 4 GIs had VD [41] and was forced by
March to completely reverse his stance on "butterflying" and legalize
prostitution and fraternization in an attempt to control both rape and VD.
[42] His decree backfired. In Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of WWII,
John Dower says that "the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women
were around 40 per day while U.S./Japanese sponsored brothels were in
operation, and then rose to an average of 330 a day after they were
terminated in early 1946." [43] Those were the reported rapes. 2 incidents
of mass rape from that time were so outrageous they were also reported: on
April 4, 50 GIs broke into a hospital in Omori prefecture and raped 77
women, including a woman who had just given birth, killing the 2-day-old
baby by tossing it onto the floor. And on April 11, 40 US soldiers cut off
the phone lines of one of Nagoya's city blocks and entered a number of
houses simultaneously, "raping many girls and women between the ages of 10
and 55 years." [44] By May 1946 MacArthur was facing a plague of rape.

May was the last full month my uncle served at the stockade.

I had wondered why I'd seen at most thirty court-martials for rape between
1945-1947 when John Dower reported 330 a month after MacArthur's crackdown
on prostitution. Were these court-martials censored or disappeared? Why
were so few prosecuted? Roehner doesn't know the answer. Even the three
court-martials my uncle was involved in, including one in which he
accidentally shot a prisoner (perhaps to death), could not be found. I
should have thought a shooting would warrant a hearing. "It happened all
the time," said Larry S., another ex-MP. [45]

Even in 1946, the Committee on Military Affairs complained that it was
hard to get information about the violence and its repercussions. "The
most tragic [of excessive sentences] of course, are the death sentences
not commuted, about which it is so difficult to obtain information. Many
of these have been for rape, especially abroad." [46]

Armies can make mistakes. Innocent soldiers can be killed or at the very
least, their paperwork lost. But the only time I ever found anyone's
execution papers they were marked "Secret." These records should be
transparent, easy to discover and above all, truthful. Suspicion rears its
ugly head if they are not.

None of this finding a list stuffed behind a file cabinet in the Pentagon.
There's the stench of lynching with so many black soldiers unaccounted
for, a convenient execution of a black man for rape at a time when
MacArthur needed an example. When President Truman ordered military
integration in 1948, establishing the principle of equality "without
regard to race, color, religion or national origin," the Supreme Commander
refused to comply. [47] MacArthur certainly wouldn't have cared about the
effect of his actions on veteran MPs like my uncle. As Secretary of the
Army at the height of the Depression, he had his men draw swords and
teargas 20,000 starving World War I vets who were demonstrating for a
bonus Congress had already promised them. [48]

Now I'm wondering if there weren't some soldiers executed in Europe who
didn't make it into Plot E in France.

This article, prepared for Japan Focus, draws on and develops material
from Black Glasses Like Clark Kent, Graywolf Press, 2008.

Terese Svoboda is the author of 10 books of prose and poetry, most
recently the memoir Black Glasses Like Clark Kent: A GIs Secret from
Postwar Japan, winner of the 2007 Graywolf Nonfiction Prize. Its website
is http://blackglasseslikeclarkkent.com/. Her 2nd novel, A Drink Called
Paradise, concerns the effects of US atomic tests in the Pacific islands.

Notes

[1] all around 20 years old. I gleaned this information by reviewing the
general court-martials in United States. Office of the JAG. Holdings,
Opinions, and Reviews: v.1-81 + 2 index volumes. GPO, 1924  1949 and 1944
1949. Office of the Judge Advocate General. Judge Advocate Generals
Department Board of Review, Holdings, and Opinions Board of Review, Branch
Office of the Judge Advocate General, Southwestern Pacific Theater of
Operations. Coverage: 1942-1946; Vol. 1-7; and Holdings, Opinions and
Reviews, and Holdings, Opinions and Reviews, Board of Review, Branch
Office of the Judge Advocate General, Pacific Ocean Theater of Operations.
Coverage: 1944-1945. Vol. 1. microfilm. Also by reviewing the military
records on Ancestry.com by names of the convicted GI that appear on
"Return of General Prisoners" A1-149; 8th Army Stockade 1946; General
Correspondence, 1946-1951; Provost Marshal Section, Far East Command,
Department of Defense, Record Group 554; National Archives at College
Park, College Park, MD. Also by reviewing personnel records from the
National Archives and Records Administration. Courtesy of National
Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri. 44 out of 50 requests
filled.

[2] Alice Kaplan, Robert Lilly and J. Michael Thomson J. Robert Lilly and
J. Michael Thomson. "Executing U.S. Soldiers in England, WWII: The Power
of Command Influence and Sexual Racism." Draft. 1995. 16 and Alice Kaplan.
The Interpreter. New York: Free Press/Simon and Schuster, 2005. 168-170.

[3] "the officer senior in rank often uses his weight": United States.
House of Representatives Committee on Military Affairs. Investigations of
the National War Effort, Report of the Committee of Military Affairs,
House of Representatives, 79th Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H.
Res. 20: A Resolution Authorizing the Committee on Military Affairs to
Study the Progress of the National War Effort, June 1946. GPO, 1946. 17.

[4] "Racial agitation":Morris J. MacGregor, Jr. "Segregation's
Consequences." Defense Studies Series: Integration of the Armed Forces
1940  1965. 1979. 2 May 2001. 15 Oct 2007. Access here.

[5] Yet the official records indicate that no one"Return of General
Prisoners" A1-149; 8th Army Stockade 1946; General Correspondence,
1946-1951; Provost Marshal Section, Far East Command, Department of
Defense, Record Group 554; National Archives at College Park, College
Park, MD.

[6] "Your uncle's name sounds familiar":Vincent M., Jack W., Leroy S., and
John J. Telephone interviews. 13 Apr 2007.

[7] Only blacks were executed for rape in England. J. Robert Lilly. "Dirty
Details: Executing U.S. Soldiers During WWII." Diss. Northern Kentucky
University, 1995. 6.

[8] only blacks6 menwere hanged for rape": Walter Luszki. A Rape of
Justice. Toronto: Madison Press Books, 1991.

[9] "Nowhere in these postwar documents": Alice Kaplan. 156.

[10] Everybody knew it was happening: Marvin B. 3. Interview with author.
4 July 2006.

[11] 17 people are required to attend an execution: Report of Executions;
Entry 156 (A1); 7 Aug 1946. Records of Far East Command SCAP and UN
Command 1945-57; Provost Marshal Section; Record Group 554; National
Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[12] No records of any execution: General Court Martial Offense Ledger
Sheets, Vol. 23-28; Records of the Adjutant General's Office; Judge
Advocate General, 1946; Record Group 153; National Archives at College
Park, College Park, MD.

[13] Wikipedia file on the death penalty: "List of Those Executed by the
United States Military." Wikipedia. 12 Oct 2007. Access here.

[14] The soldier executed in 1950: William M. Re: Names. Email to author.
21 July 2007.

[15] There are also 2 soldiers officially executed: Marvin M. Telephone
interview. 14 April 2007.

[16] Burns and Dennis: William M. "Re: Names. Email to author. 21 July
2007.

[17] The only 2 executions: Cross-referencing United States. Office of the
JAG. Holdings, Opinions, and Reviews: v.1-81 + 2 index volumes. GPO, 1924
1949 and 1944  1949. Office of the Judge Advocate General. Judge Advocate
Generals Department Board of Review, Holdings, and Opinions Board of
Review, Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General, Southwestern Pacific
Theater of Operations. Coverage: 1942-1946; Vol. 1-7; and Holdings,
Opinions and Reviews, and Holdings, Opinions and Reviews, Board of Review,
Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General, Pacific Ocean Theater of
Operations. Coverage: 1944-1945. Vol. 1. microfilm with Execution of
General Prisoner. Manila Provost Marshal Command 1 Dec 47. Supreme
Commander for the Allied Powers. Legal Section. Manila Branch. (1945 -
11/1949); Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World
War II, 1907  1966; Record Group 331; National Archives at College Park,
College Park, MD.

[18] I read all the recorded court-martial proceedings: United States.
Office of the JAG. Holdings, Opinions, and Reviews: v.1-81 + 2 index
volumes. GPO, 1924  1949 and 1944  1949. Office of the Judge Advocate
General. Judge Advocate General's Department Board of Review, Holdings,
and Opinions Board of Review, Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General,
Southwestern Pacific Theater of Operations. Coverage: 1942-1946; Vol. 1-7;
and Holdings, Opinions and Reviews, and Holdings, Opinions and Reviews,
Board of Review, Branch Office of the Judge Advocate General, Pacific
Ocean Theater of Operations. Coverage: 1944-1945. Vol. 1. microfilm.

[19] "not infrequently rejects or ignores it": United States. House of
Representatives Committee on Military Affairs.33.

[20] only records for sentencing:James Zobel, director of MacArthur
Memorial. Telephone interview. 31 Mar 2006.

[21] a burner: James Zobel, director of MacArthur Memorial. Telephone
interview. 31 Mar 2006.

[22] According to the National Law Journal: "Closing Ranks on Executions,
Military Nears First Death Penalty Since JFK; Policy Assailed." National
Law Journal. 5 Apr 1999. A1.

[23] The military executed 141: United States. House of Representatives
Committee on Military Affairs. 6.

[24] 160 men executed between 1942 and 1962: United States. Statistical
Abstracts of the United States: No. 375. GPO, 2000. 25.

[25] A list of 154 executed men: "Executions in the Military." Chart.
Death Penalty Information Center. 17 Sep 2007. Access here. Also cited in
J. Robert Lilly. "Death Penalty Cases in WWII Military Courts: Lessons
Learned from North Africa and Italy." ts. 41st Annual Meeting of the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Las Vegas, Nevada. 10-13 Mar 2004.
34.

[26] I read an order from Lt. General William Styer: Requisitions; File
371.2-413.44; Commanding General, U.S. Armed Forces, Western Pacific to
the Commander in Chief Armed Forces Pacific, 10 April 1946; Provost
Marshal General Correspondence 1946-1947. Record Group 554; National
Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[27] In the Eighth Army stockade's May report: Processing Work Sheet;
483rd Military Police Escort Guard Company; Records of Allied Operational
and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, 1907 -1966; Record Group 331;
National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[28] A request for a report of execution: Report of Execution Form; "To
HQ, General Prisoner Branch AFWESPAC Stockade" 7 August 1946. From Chief
Provost Marshall, General Headquarters, US Army Forces, Pacific to General
Prisoner Branch AFWESPAC Stockade; Records of General Headquarters;
Provost Marshal Section, General Correspondence 1946-47; Record Group 389;
National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[29] Page 25 of the Provost Marshal's: Military Prisoners; Chapter VII;
The Provost Marshals History Campaigns of the Pacific 1941-1947; Provost
Marshals History Campaigns of the Pacific 1941-1947; Military Police
Division Correspondence 1942-1947; Doctrine and Enforcement; Record Group
389; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[30] An index shows a letter: Racial Incident; File 291.2; Cross Reference
Index to the Series Central Decimal Correspondence Files, 1940-1945,'
1940-1945 and Central Decimal Correspondence Files, 1940  1945; War
Department. The Adjutant General's Office. Record Group 407; National
Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[31] 18 dishonorable discharges: List of Decedents PHILCOM Determined to
be in "Dishonorable" Status, whose Cases are Being Processed and on when
Disinterment Directives will be Issued at a Later Date; File 314.6;
Correspondence Misc. File 1939-1954; Office of the Quartermaster General;
Record Group 92; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

[32] the cemetery's keeper: Larry Heilhecker. "Re: Clark Cemetery." Email
to author. 24 May 2007.

[33] how their loved ones died:J. Robert Lilly. "Dirty Details: Executing
U.S. Soldiers During WWII." Diss. Northern Kentucky University, 1995. 3.

[34] MacArthur censored newspapers:Bertrand M. Roehner. Relations Between
Allied Forces and The Population of Japan 15 August 1945-31 December 1960.
Paris: University of Paris, 2007.15.

[35] Even the Allied military reports were subject to: Bertrand M.
Roehner. 17.

[36] forbade mention of censorship: Bertrand M. Roehner. 28.

[37] exiled or fired: Bertrand M. Roehner. 45-46.

[38] General Eichelberger twice: MacArthur, Douglas. Letter to All Unit
Commanders. 22 June 1946. Entry A-1 135; File 250.1; Occupation Files
1945-1950; General Correspondence; Department of Defense. Far East
Command. Eighth Army. Provost Marshal Section. Record Group 338; National
Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. It begins "Since publishing my
letter to you of 10 June regarding the behavior of our troops, I have
received an increasing number of reports of crimes committed by
Americans." -- Letter to Commanding General, Eighth Army. 8 Nov 1946.
Entry A-1 135; File 250.1; Occupation Files 1945-1950; General
Correspondence; Department of Defense. Far East Command. Eighth Army.
Provost Marshal Section; Record Group 338; National Archives at College
Park, College Park, MD. MacArthur complains in the letter that less than
50% of the reported rapes, assaults and robberies were investigated and
only 1/3 of the burglaries. This is after receiving another letter from
the Commanding General reporting alleged misconduct of occupational troops
against Japanese Nationals for the month of September, 1946.

[39] The National Archives houses the cover sheet: Bertrand M. Roehner.
72.

[40] even as late as April, 1952: Bertrand M. Roehner. 105.

[41] 1 in 4 GIs had come down with VD:Yuki Tanaka. Japans Comfort Women:
Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occupation,
Routledge, 2001. 161.

[42] forced to completely reverse his stance: Yuki Tanaka. 162.

[43] "the number of rapes": John Dower. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the
Wake of World War II. W.W. Norton, 2000. 579, fn 16.

[44] 2 incidents of mass rape: Yuki Tanaka. 163-164.

[45] "It happened all the time": Larry S. Telephone interview. 13 Apr
2007.

[46] "The most tragic": United States. House of Representatives Committee
on Military Affairs. 43.

[47] When President Truman: Eiji Takemae. Inside GHQ. Continuum
International Publishing Group: 2002. 130.

[48] MacArthur certainly wouldn't have cared: Linda Wheeler. "Routing a
Ragtag Army." Washington Post, April 12, 1999. A1.

(source: Japan Focus)